Harirud river with an international nature is shared between Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan and currently there is no treaty among these states regarding the division of its WATER RESOURCES. In recent years, after the construction of the Doosti Dam by Iran and Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, as an upstream state is moving towards hydro-hegemonic policy in the region by building various dams which restrain and divert the WATER flow of this river in order to decrease the downstream countries’ WATER rights. On the other hand, due to the high importance of Harirud WATER RESOURCES for Iran, continuing this type of behavior by Afghanistan might cause conflicts and create security risks among these countries in the near future. Therefore, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study aims at examining the issue according to international legal documents in the field of sharing common WATER RESOURCES. Finally, the findings indicate that the best and most practical method for exploitation of Harirud WATER RESOURCES is based on the theory of limited territorial sovereignty and implementation of the principle of equitable and reasonable utilization of common WATER RESOURCES by Afghanistan, without causing significant harm to downstream states.

Introduction and purpose: Despite recent efforts to identify microplastics in the aquatic environment worldwide, identifying the various sources of its release remains a challenging task. Understanding and identifying the different sources of aquatic pollution and the processes affecting them is essential for a comprehensive description of the quality of WATER RESOURCES. The aim of this study is therefore to introduce statistical methods to determine the sources of microplastics in aquatic environments. Methods: This review article first identifies the pathways of microplastic entry into the aquatic environment, followed by an examination of four commonly used multivariate statistical methods: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis (CA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Results: Multivariate statistical analysis can be used to determine different variables such as size, shape, color, and density of microplastics. It can also determine the sources of microplastics (domestic wasteWATER, industrial effluents, agricultural activities, surface runoff, air currents, etc.). It also identifies which variables have the greatest impact on pollution and suggests the best solutions to reduce pollution. Conclusion: the study of pollution based on multivariate statistical analysis can provide important information on the main sources of microplastic pollution and the relative contribution of different sources in the aquatic environment, which can help to improve environmental management and reduce pollution.

WATER RESOURCES management faces with very important economical, social, financial and environmental objects and aims that can pointed below issues answering with new demand in conditions accession quantity and quality restrictions of WATER supply, decrease and removal locks of effective and optimal usage of WATER RESOURCES, presentation of better services in operation of WATER plans, make social equality between different income groups and to conserve WATER RESOURCES for attained to said aims, one of important actions of WATER RESOURCES management is WATER demand management and to purpose WATER as economic commodity. For this reason, converting of instrumental tendency of WATER supply to non-instrumental tendency is very precious. In this variation, aim of WATER RESOURCES management is use of economic tools that one of important tools is pricing. In this study, for all around acquaintance with this important matter, tariff and pricing surveys in visionary and application circuits.

Purpose: The purpose of this applied research is to study the effectiveness of gamification on corporate training.  Methodology: A gamified course was designed and implemented to train the location of Fire Hosing Cabinet for 24 employees of a firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental research plan (post-test only control group design) the participants of the study were randomly assigned to treatment (12) and control (12) groups and trained for a week.  Conclusion: The descriptive and interpretive result of the posttest analyses indicated the effectiveness of gamification of the training performed for the employees of the firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Moreover, the descriptive result of Gamification Acceptance Questionnaire answered by the members of the experimental group after gamified training indicated that all the participants in the experimental group were satisfied with the gamified training course.

Population growth and increasing of cultivated land in past 30 years in one hand, and exploitation of underground WATER RESOURCES in the other hand causes over drafting of underground freshWATER RESOURCES, such that, today there is a negative balance in aquifers. Excessive exploitation of underground fresh WATER RESOURCES of we region not only has reduced the level of WATER, but also caused the penetration of brine WATER in to the fresh WATER of these plains. It is clear that this process will cause environmental problems such as complete Stalinization of aquifer and drying of wells, and also will causes financial and social problems. study of quantity& quality of mentioned plains, data analyzing, and plotting TDS& EC maps shows that the situation in the most of the areas is critical and this problem must be solved by applying management approaches particularly management of Surface WATER RESOURCES. Hazardous human activities in the plain has been investigated by AHP method, and the result shows that the most important negative effective factor on the plain in both qualitative and quantitative aspects, is the human activities in agricultural and WATER exploitation that has been identified and ranked by pair wise comparisons method in the title of Analytical Hierarchy process (AHP).

According to the Amelioration and WATER RESOURCES of Azerbaijan, the average annual supply of WATER RESOURCES in the country is 31. 7km3, which is 28, 39 km3 of surface flows and 331 km3 of groundWATER, taking into account the needs of the national economy. During temperate and dry years, the total flow decreases to 25 and 17 km3 which can lead to a shortage of irrigation WATER. However, 70% of surface flows are transit rivers. Only 33% of surface flows are inland WATER RESOURCES. İ n general, the Republic of Azerbaijan is among the countries suffering from WATER shortages, as our country accounts for only 0. 2% of fresh surface WATER flow in the CIS. ( Commonwealth of İ ndependent States) WATER RESOURCES are very unevenly distributed in our country. These RESOURCES are mostly observed on the southern slopes of Greater Caucasus, in the Lankaran zone, but they are non-existent in the Kur-Araz, Nakhchivan AR, low mountains such as Gobustan and Jeyranchol, in winter pastures. It was accumulated in WATER RESOURCES of the republic. 120, 000 hectares which is 1, 16% of the total area of the country, cover more than 10km3 of the useful volume 20km3. FreshWATER economy is used in irrigation of plants, WATER supply, and in the development of fishery.

Background: Ramsar, a city in Mazandaran province, is located between Tonekabon and Chaboksar. It covers an area of about 30 Km2overlying alluvium and coastal deposits of Quaternary Period. Shallow depth of WATER table within the area increases the chance of contamination through seepage of waste WATER from septic wells and agriculture.Materials and methods: We have examined 31 samples to determine the contamination of WATER RESOURCES in 2 stages. In laboratory, the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, nitrate and nitrite ions have been measured. Wilcox and Schoeller diagrams led to classification of the WATER for drinking and agricultural purposes. Finally, plotting of isoion maps of pollutants defines contaminated areas of the city. Results: With respect to Scholler diagrams, most of the wells in Ramsar could be classified as suitable WATER RESOURCES and are drinking WATER. However, rivers are non-drinking WATER RESOURCES due to contamination with seepage and waste WATER.Conclusion: Plotting of isoion maps of pollutants has clarified that WATER contamination is a matter of concern in Ramsar and seek further attention.

During the recent decades, the increasing trends in nitrate ion concentration in ground WATER sources have meant more research to find effective procedures for the prevention of even more WATER contamination by nitrogen sources. In this study a pilot was designed to examine the application of biological method for eliminating nitrate from the WATER of well No.903 of  ehrabad Airport, Tehran, Iran. Design, installation and running processes were done from April to November 2003. A fixed biological bed containing five-centimeter trunk pipes 16 mm in diameter were installed in the reactor and the system was operated with upflow current. Instead of Methanol, Acetic acid was used as the carbon source because of its easier acceptance by the public, lower price and availability as well as easier storage. The pilot was run in different hydraulic retention times from 48 h up to one hour. Considering economical, operational and maintenance factors, retention time of 2 h was determined to be optimum, in which 77% nitrate removal was achieved. Considering a ratio of 2 for COD/N, inlet COD of about 140 mg/L and the optimum retention time, COD removal of about 80% is also accomplished in this process. The amount of nitrite concentration, pH values, COD and turbidity is also evaluated versus different hydraulic retention times.